|
|
||
|
1 Arthur Koestler, Janus: A Summing Up, New York: Vintage Books, 1978, p. 250. 2 Andrei Linde, “The Self-Reproducing Inflationary Universe”, Scientific American, vol. 271, 1994, p. 48 3 George Politzer, Principes Fondamentaux de Philosophie, Editions Sociales, Paris 1954 ,p. 84 4 S. Jaki, Cosmos and Creator, Regnery Gateway, Chicago, 1980, p. 54 5 Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time A Reader’s Companion (Edited by Stephen Hawking; prepared by Gene Stone), New York, Bantam Books, 1982, p. 62-63. 6 Henry Margenau, Roy Abraham Vargesse. Cosmos, Bios, Theos. La Salle IL: Open Court Publishing, 1992, p. 241 7 Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos: How Greatest Scientific Discoveries of The Century Reveal God, Colorado: NavPress, revised edition, 1995, p. 76 8 William Lane Craig, Cosmos and Creator, Origins & Design, Spring 1996, vol. 17, p. 19 9 William Lane Craig, Cosmos and Creator, Origins & Design, Spring 1996, vol. 17, p. 19 10 William Lane Craig, Cosmos and Creator, Origins & Design, Spring 1996, vol. 17, p. 20 11 Christopher Isham, “Space, Time and Quantum Cosmology”, paper presented at the conference “God, Time and Modern Physics”, March 1990, Origins & Design, Spring 1996, vol. 17, p. 27 12 R. Brout, Ph. Spindel, “Black Holes Dispute”, Nature, vol 337, 1989, p. 216 13 Herbert Dingle, Science at the Crossroads, London: Martin Brian & O’Keefe, 1972, p. 31-32 14 StephenHawking, A Brief History of Time, New York: Bantam Books, 1988, p. 46 15 John Maddox, “Down with the Big Bang”, Nature, vol. 340, 1989, p. 378 16 H. P. Lipson, “A Physicist Looks at Evolution”, Physics Bulletin, vol. 138, 1980, p. 138 17 Paul Davies, Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature, 1984, p. 184 18 Fred Hoyle, The Intelligent Universe, London, 1984, p. 184-185 19 Paul Davies, Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature, 1984, p. 184 20 Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technics ) 201, p. 16 21 Stephen Hawking, A Brief History Of Time, Bantam Press, London: 1988, p. 121-125 22 Paul Davies. God and the New Physics. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983, p. 189 23 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny: How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose in the Universe, The New York: The Free Press, 1998, p. 12-13 24 Paul Davies. The Accidental Universe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, Foreword. 25 Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, p. 122-23 26 Roger Penrose, The Emperor’s New Mind, 1989; Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, The New York: The Free Press, 1998, p. 9 27 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 27 28 Hugh Ross, Design and the Anthropic Principle, Reasons To Believe, CA, 1988 29 Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, p. 123 30 Paul Davies, The Cosmic Blueprint, London: Penguin Books, 1987, p. 203 31 Paul Davies, Superforce, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984, p. 235-236 32 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 38 33 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1995 34 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1995 35 The resonance mentioned here occurs as follows: when two atom nuclei fuse, the new emerging nucleus both takes on the total of the massive energy of the two nuclei forming it and their kinetic energy. This new nucleus works to reach a particular energy level within the atom’s natural energy ladder. However, this is only possible if the total energy it receives corresponds to this level of energy. If it fails to correspond, then the new nucleus decomposes at once. For the new nucleus to attain stability, the accumulated energy in its body and the level of natural energy it forms should be equal to each other. When this equality is attained the “resonance” occurs. However this resonance is a highly rare harmony with a very low probability to be achieved. 36 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 43-44 37 Paul Davies. The Final Three Minutes, New York: BasicBooks, 1994, p. 49-50 (Quoted from Hoyle) 38 Fred Hoyle, “The Universe: Past and Present Reflections”, Engineering and Science, November 1981, pp. 8- 12 39 Fred Hoyle, Religion and the Scientists, London: SCM, 1959; M. A. Corey, The Natural History of Creation, Maryland: University Press of America, 1995, p. 341 40 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 100 41 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 100 42 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 64-65 43 W. Press, “A Place for Teleology?”, Nature, vol. 320, 1986, p. 315 44 Guy Murchie, The Seven Mysteries of Life, Boston: The Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978, p. 598 45 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 11 46 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 21 47 Jeremy Rifkin, Entropy: A New World View, New York, Viking Press, 1980, p. 6 48 Max Planck, May 1937 address, quoted in A. Barth, The Creation (1968), p. 144. 49 Paul Davies, The Accidental Universe, (1982) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Preface 50 Albert Einstein, Letters to Maurice Solovine, 1956, p. 114-115 51 Michael A. Corey, God and the New Cosmology: The Anthropic Design Argument, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1993, p. 259 52 G. W. Wetherill, “How Special is Jupiter?”, Nature, vol. 373, 1995, p. 470 53 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 262 54 F. Press, R. Siever, Earth, New York: W. H. Freeman, 1986, p. 2 55 See. Harun Yahya, The Evolution Deceit: The Scientific Collapse of Darwinism and Its Ideological Background, 注释 哈荣.雅荷雅 輘tanbul, 1998. 56 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p 106 57 F. Press, R. Siever, Earth, New York: W. H. Freeman, 1986, p 4 58 F. Press, R. Siever, Earth, New York: W. H. Freeman, 1986, p 4 59 F. Press, R. Siever, Earth, New York: W. H. Freeman, 1986, p 4 60 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p.121 61 James J. Lovelock, Gaia, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, p.71 62 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p 127 63 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p 128 64 Hugh Ross, The Fingerprint of God: Recent Scientific Discoveries Reval the Unmistakable Identity of the Creator, Oranga, California, Promise Publishing, 1991, p 129-132 65 Ian M. Campbell, Energy and the Atmosphere, London: Wiley, 1977, p.1-2 66 Ian M. Campbell, Energy and the Atmosphere, p.1-2 67 George Wald, “Life and Light”, Scientific American, 1959, vol. 201, p.92-108 68 The near infrared range occupies the rays which extends from 0.70 micron, where visible light ends, to 1.50 micron. 69 This narrow range occupies the ultraviolet rays between 0.29 micron and 0.32 micron. 70 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p 96 71 George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p.96-7 72 This chain reaction taking place in the eye is actually much more complicated. The light reaching the eye passes through the lens and falls upon the retina in the back. When light first strikes the retina a photon interacts with a molecule called 11-cis-retinal. The change in the shape of the retinal molecule forces a change in the shape of the protein, rhodopsin, to which the retinal is tightly bound. The protein’s metamorphosis alters its behaviour. Now called metarhodopsin II, the protein sticks to another protein, called transducin. Before bumping into metarhodopsin II, transducin had tightly bound a small molecule called GDP. But when transducin interacts with metarhodopsin II, the GDP falls off, and a molecule called GTP binds to transducin. Now, two proteins and one chemical molecule are bound to one another and it is called GTP-transducinmetarhodopsinII. It now binds to a protein called phosphodiesterase. When attached to metarhodopsin II and its entourage, the phosphodiesterase acquires the chemical ability to “cut” a molecule called cGMP. Initially there are a lot of cGMP molecules in the cell, but the phosphodiesterase lowers its concentration, just as a pulled plug lowers the water level in a bathtub. Another protein that binds cGMP is called an ion channel. It acts as a gateway that regulates the number of sodium ions in the cell. Normally the ion channel allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, while a separate protein actively pumps them out again. The dual action of the ion channel and pump keeps the level of sodium ions in the cell within a narrow range. When the amount of cGMP is reduced because of cleavage by the phosphodiesterase, the ion channel closes, causing the cellular concentration of positively charged sodium ions to be reduced. This causes an imbalance of charge across the cell membrane that, finally, causes a current to be transmitted down the optic nerve to the brain. The result, when interpreted by the brain, is vision. (Quoted from Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box, New York: Free Press, 1996, pp. 18-21). This is actually a very brief and simplified version of how we see. If the events developed like this, we would never be able to see. If the reactions mentioned above were the only ones that operated in the cell, the supply of 11-cis-retinal, cGMP, and sodium ions would quickly be depleted. There are many mechanisms that would restore the cells to their original state. The reactions described above is far from being a complete biochemical explanation of seeing and they are only summarized. However, even what has been related above suggests that seeing is a very complicated and perfect mechanism which can never come about by evolution. 73 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p 62, 69 74 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p 55 75 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1994, 15th ed., volume 18, p. 203 76 John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Word of Creation, 1701; Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 73 77 Lawrence Henderson, The Fitness of the Environment, Boston: Beacon Press, 1958, Foreword. 78 The latent heat is the heat which does not change the heat of water but enables it to change it from solid state to liquid state or from liquid state to gas state. When you give heat to ice to melt it, the ice reaches to 0oC and no increase in heat occurs even if you continue to heat it. Yet, it is no longer ice; it dissolves and becomes water. This heat, which is needed to convert the solid state into the liquid state despite causing no difference in temperature is “latent” heat. 79 Lawrence Henderson, The Fitness of the Environment, Boston: Beacon Press, 1958, p. 105 80 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 32 81 Harold J. Morowitz, Cosmic Joy and Local Pain, New York: Scribner, 1987, p. 152-153 82 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 33 83 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 35-36 84 “Science Finds God”, Newsweek, 27 July 1998 85 Robert E. D. Clark, The Universe: Plan or Accident?, London, Paternoster Press, 1961, p. 98 86 Fred Hoyle, Religion and the Scientists, London: SCM, 1959; M. A. Corey, The Natural History of Creation, Maryland: University Press of America, 1995, p. 341 87 David Burnie, Life, Eyewitess Science, London: Dorling Kindersley, 1996, p. 8 88 Nevil V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, vol 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950, p. 490 89 Nevil V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, vol 1., p. 490 183 宇宙的起源90 J. B. S. Haldane, “The Origin of Life”, New Biology, 1954, vol. 16, p. 12 91 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 115-116 92 Lawrence Henderson, The Fitness of the Environment, Boston: Beacon Press, 1958, p. 247-48 93 L. L. Ingraham, “Enzymic Activation of Oxygen”, Comprehensive Biochemistry, (ed. M. Florkin, E. H. Stotz), Amsterdam: Elsevier, vol. 14, p. 424 94 The question of how the complicated enzyme system enabling oxygen intake by the respiratory system emerged is one of the questions the theory of evolution fails to explain. This system has an irreducible complexity, in other words, the system can not function unless all of its components function perfectly. For this reason, it is unlikely to say that the system developed from the simple form to the more complex, as evolution suggests. Prof. Ali Demirsoy, a biologist from Ankara Hacettepe University and a prominent advocate of the theory of evolution in Turkey, makes the following confession about this subject: “However, there is a major problem here. Mitochondria use a fixed number of enzymes during the process of breaking (with oxygen). The absence of only one of these enzymes stops the functioning of the whole system. Besides, energy gain with oxygen does not seem to be a system which can proceed step by step. Only the complete system performs its function. That is why, instead of the step by step development to which we have adhered so far as a principle, we feel the urge to embrace the suggestion that, all the enzymes (Krebs enzyme) needed to perform the reactions of the mitochondria entered a cell all at once by coincidence or, were formed in that cell all at once. That is merely because those systems failing to use oxygen fully, in other words, those systems remaining in the intermediate level would disappear as soon as they react with oxygen.” (Ali Demirsoy, The Basic Laws of Life: General Zoology, Volume 1, Section 1, Ankara, 1998, p.578) While the probability of the formation of only one of the enzymes (special proteins) Prof. Demirsoy mentions above, saying “we have to accept that they formed all of a sudden by coincidence” is 1 over 10950, it is certainly unreasonable to put forward that many enzymes of that sort formed by coincidence 95 Nevil V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, vol 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950, p. 490 96 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 122-123 97 Irwin Fridovich, “Oxygen Radicals, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Oxygen Toxicity”, Free Radicals in Biology, (ed. W. A. Pryor), New York: Academic Press, 1976, p. 239-240 98 J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva, R. J. P. Williams, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 3-4 99 J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva, R. J. P. Williams, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements, p. 5 100 Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny, p. 79-85 101 Jeremy Rifkin, Algeny, New York: The Viking Press, 1983, p. 114 102 Robert Shapiro, Origins: A Sceptics Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth, New York, Summit Books, 1986. p.127 103 Fred Hoyle, Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1984, p. 148 104 Fred Hoyle, Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space, p. 130 105 Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, New York, The Free Press, 1996, p. 252-53 106 Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose. Molecular Evolution and The Origin of Life. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977. p. 2 107 Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) NewYork, Dover Publications, 1953 (Reprint), p.196 108 “New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life”, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol 63, Nov 1982, pp. 1328-1330. 109 Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status of the Prebiotic Synthesis of Small Molecules, 1986, p. 7 110 Jeffrey Bada, Earth, Feb 1998, p. 40 111 Leslie E. Orgel, “The Origin of Life on Earth”, Scientific American, vol 271, Oct 1994, p. 78 112 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 189 113 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 184. 114 B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner Of Truth Trust, 1988. 115 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 179 116 Derek A. Ager, “The Nature of the Fossil Record”, Proceedings of the British Geological Association, vol 87, 1976, p. 133 117 Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books, 1983. p. 197 118 Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970, pp. 75-94; Charles E. Oxnard, “The Place of Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt”, Nature, vol 258, p. 389 119 J. Rennie, “Darwin’s Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr”, Scientific American, Dec 1992 120 Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, p. 1103; A. J. Kelso, Physical Antropology, 1st ed., New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, p. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 272 121 Time, Nov 1996 122 S. J. Gould, Natural History, vol. 85, 1976, p. 30 123 Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970, p. 19 124 Richard Lewontin, “The Demon-Haunted World”, The New York Review of Books, 9 Jan 1997, p. 28 |
| |
| | ||
| | ||
| | ||
| |